Toll-Like Receptors

Toll-like receptors

A) are found in vertebrates, but so far have not been found in invertebrates.
B) leave blood vessels to bind to pathogenic bacteria, which in turn attracts phagocytes.
C) are found in the cell membrane of certain cells, where they recognize and bind to nonself molecules associated with pathogens.
D) initiate a protein kinase cascade, which induces histamine secretion in neighboring cells.
E) if blocked would enhance overly strong inflammatory responses.