A trophic cascade includes which kind(s) of interactions?

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A trophic cascade involves both direct and indirect interactions between different trophic levels in an ecosystem. For example, the removal of top predators can indirectly result in an increase in the population of their prey, which in turn can lead to a decrease in the population of their prey's prey. This indirect effect is known as a trophic cascade, and it can have wide-ranging impacts on the structure and function of ecosystems. Trophic cascades are important because they illustrate the complex and interconnected nature of ecosystems and the many ways that organisms interact with each other.

A Trophic Cascade Includes Which Kind(s) of Interactions