Question 1

In Gray's model, the BAS responds to ____________ while the BIS responds to ____________.

Accepted Answer

According to Gray's model, the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) responds to rewards while the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) responds to punishments. Therefore, the best answer is B since rewards and punishments are opposites and the BAS and BIS respond to opposite things.

Question 2

Imagine that Eysenck has classified one of your roommates as an extrovert and the other as an introvert. When you come into the room you slam the door very loudly, surprising them both. Who would show more physiological arousal to this event?

Accepted Answer

According to Eysenck's theory, introverts have higher baseline levels of physiological arousal than extroverts, so they would show more arousal to sudden stimuli like a loud noise.

Question 3

Temperamental differences in humans are primarily a function of:

Accepted Answer

While early environment and parenting styles can certainly have an impact on temperament, it is ultimately underlying biological processes that primarily shape and determine differences in temperament. Research has shown clear correlations between temperament and various aspects of neurobiology, such as differences in brain structure and genetic factors. Gender differences may play a role in some cases, but overall, the primary factor is biological.

Question 4

For Eysenck, the important difference between extroverts and introverts is that:

Accepted Answer

Eysenck believed that extroverts have lower levels of cortical arousal and are seeking for stimulation, while introverts have higher levels of cortical arousal and are more sensitive to stimulation, therefore they try to avoid over-stimulation.

Question 5

Katya prefers to be in calm and quiet environments. She feels both nervous and exhausted when she is in loud places with noisy people. In fact, she admits she would rather spend almost all of her time alone. In Katya, the ____________ is more active than the ____________.

Accepted Answer

BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System) is responsible for responding to potential threats and suppressing behavior to avoid them. It is more active in individuals who prefer calm and quiet environments. BAS (Behavioral Activation System) is responsible for seeking rewards, which is not a priority for Katya. The reticular formation is a network of neurons that regulate arousal levels rather than responding to specific environments.

Question 6

What is the difference between the concepts of "trait" and "temperament"?

Accepted Answer

Traits refer to specific characteristics or patterns of behavior that are relatively enduring and consistent across different situations, whereas temperament is a broader concept that refers to the innate or genetically determined aspects of an individual's personality, including their emotional reactivity, arousal level, and attention span. Thus, temperament encompasses a wider range of personality traits and has a more innate, biological basis than traits.

Question 7

Your roommate is an extremely shy person. Research suggests that she:

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that the roommate displayed signs of inhibition and social distress even as a very young child, indicating that shyness is likely a relatively stable personality trait that developed early on in her life.

Question 8

If Silva and Stanton had classified you as having an undercontrolled temperament at age 3, by age 21 you would:

Accepted Answer

According to research, individuals with an undercontrolled temperament at age 3 are at risk for developing alcohol and criminal behavior problems later in life. Therefore, it is likely that at age 21 they would still exhibit signs of this temperament and be at risk for these issues.

Question 9

Kara is a 2-year-old participant in a research study on infant temperament. Which of the following characteristics will likely NOT be assessed in this study?

Accepted Answer

Mental tasks are unlikely to be assessed in a study on infant temperament, as they are not developmentally appropriate for a 2-year-old. The other options (activity level, emotional reactions, social behaviors) are commonly assessed in studies on infant temperament.

Question 10

People who are very ____________ may seek out so much environmental stimulation that they get into trouble. People who are very ____________ may be so overstimulated by their environments that they feel chronically overwhelmed and uncomfortable. Which brain structure is responsible for consistent differences in under- or overstimulation in personality?

Accepted Answer

The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is involved in regulating arousal and consciousness, influencing whether a person is more extroverted or introverted based on their need for stimulation.

Question 11

Yaakov can be easily bored, so he seeks out situations which increase his excitement and arousal. He prefers "thrilling" activities to calm and safe ones. According to research presented in the textbook, a gene related to ____________ regulation may be responsible for these tendencies.

Accepted Answer

According to the textbook, a gene related to dopamine regulation may be responsible for seeking out "thrilling" activities and an increased need for arousal. This gene may cause individuals to engage in risky and impulsive behaviors.

Question 12

According to research on physiological arousal and personality, which brain structures have been associated with inhibiting behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the amygdala, which is involved in processing emotional information, and the frontal lobes, which play a role in inhibiting behaviour, are the brain structures associated with inhibiting behaviour.

Question 13

The BAS ____________ behaviour, while the BIS ____________ behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The BAS (Behavioural Activation System) activates behaviour in response to rewards and is associated with approach behaviour. On the other hand, the BIS (Behavioural Inhibition System) inhibits behaviour in response to potential punishment or threat and is associated with avoidance behaviour.

Question 14

Studies of the relationship between infant temperaments and adult personalities show:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a valid and reliable relationship between infant temperament and adult personality. Specifically, infant temperament can predict aspects of adult personality such as emotional stability, sociability, and impulsivity.

Question 15

How does infant temperament relate to adult personality?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infant temperament is moderately stable throughout development and correlates with the general structure of adult personality, as well as specific behavioural patterns exhibited by adults. For example, a difficult infant temperament has been found to be associated with higher levels of negative emotionality in adulthood.

Question 16

Which of the following have Buss and Plomin identified as basic traits or temperaments in infants?

Accepted Answer

Buss and Plomin have identified activity level, emotionality, and sociability as basic traits or temperaments in infants.

Question 17

Shyness as a personality disposition is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shyness as a personality disposition is:
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Question 18

According to Kagan and Snidman, when do we see the first evidence of a shy temperament in children?

Accepted Answer

According to Kagan and Snidman, we see the first evidence of a shy temperament in children as early as 6 weeks old. They conducted research where infants were exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, and shy infants showed a more noticeably distressed reaction compared to less shy infants.

Question 19

In extroverts the ____________ is more active while in introverts the ____________ is more active.

Accepted Answer

Extroverts have a more active Behavioral Approach System (BAS), which is associated with seeking rewards and taking risks, while introverts have a more active Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), which is associated with cautiousness and avoidance of potential punishments.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Agreeableness is actually a trait of personality, rather than temperament. Tempering factors include activity level, emotionality, sociability, among others.

Quiz 13: Personality

In Gray's model, the BAS responds to while the BIS responds to .