Research on fundamental aspects of ethnocentrism shows that:

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Research has shown that ethnocentrism can occur based on any distinguishing characteristic, whether it be race, religion, gender or social class. It is not limited to individualist countries and can be found in collectivist cultures as well, although the way it is expressed may differ. While ethnocentrism can lead to competition, it is not necessarily always detrimental to human survival as it can also foster group cohesion and identity, which can be beneficial in certain contexts.

Research on Fundamental Aspects of Ethnocentrism Shows That