According to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970,criminal penalties for illegal behavior related to drugs are determined by the drug's potential for serious abuse.

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The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, also known as the Controlled Substances Act, established penalties for illegal drug-related behavior based on the drug's potential for abuse and its accepted medical use. The act created a schedule of controlled substances with varying levels of restrictions and penalties for possession, distribution, and trafficking. The schedules are divided into five categories based on the drug's potential for abuse and medical value, with Schedule I substances considered to have the highest potential for abuse and no accepted medical use, and Schedule V substances considered to have the lowest potential for abuse and accepted medical use. Penalties for illegal behavior related to each schedule vary based on the drug's classification.