Some of the reinforcing properties of ethanol have been attributed to its ability to directly or indirectly amplify dopaminergic input into the nucleus accumbens via its actions on

Question

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Ethanol’s ability to directly or indirectly amplify dopaminergic input into the nucleus accumbens is attributed to its actions on two types of receptors: GABA-A and NMDA receptors. Both GABA-A and NMDA receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play important roles in the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Ethanol has been shown to modulate these receptors, leading to changes in dopamine release and subsequent reinforcement of ethanol consumption. Therefore, choice D (both a and b) is the best answer. Kappa receptors are not directly involved in the reinforcing properties of ethanol.

Some of the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol Have Been Attributed