Twentieth Century Progressive Reforms Had Which Effect on Political Parties

Twentieth century Progressive reforms had which effect on political parties?

A) The power of political parties was weakened by Congressional legislation.
B) The power of political parties was weakened by a collective opposition.
C) The power of political parties was strengthened by several Supreme Court decisions.
D) The power of political parties was strengthened by congressional legislation.
E) The power of political parties was largely unaltered despite the efforts of reformers