United, Inc., a U.S. firm, and Wallaby, Ltd., an Australian firm, enter into a contract that does not have a forum-selection or choice-of-law clause. Litigation between United and Wallaby over a dispute involving this contract may occur in

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In the absence of a forum-selection or choice-of-law clause, there is no predetermined jurisdiction or applicable law. Therefore, litigation over the dispute can occur in either Australia or the United States, or both. Both parties will have to make arguments supporting the jurisdiction they prefer or where the dispute has the closest connection.