After a Fairly Short Plane Ride from New York City

After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was experiencing

A) ethnocentrism.
B) culture shock.
C) a step back into history.
D) contact with people who shared none of his values.