Which Statement About the Pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Infections

Which statement about the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract infections is true?

A) The low osmolarity of urine diminishes bacterial viability in the bladder.
B) Any obstruction of urinary outflow decreases the bladder's resistance to bacterial infection.
C) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) facilitates adherence of bacteria to the bladder wall.
D) The presence of IgA in all women decreases their ability to combat bacterial invasion of the bladder.