The pattern of human behaviour that characterizes psychological dependence closely parallels __________.

Question

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The pattern of self-administration behaviour in animals closely parallels psychological dependence in humans. Both involve persistent seeking and use of a substance or behaviour despite negative consequences. Studies have shown that animals will work just as hard, if not harder, to self-administer drugs of abuse as they will for food or water. This is seen as evidence of the rewarding and reinforcing properties of drugs and other addictive substances.

The Pattern of Human Behaviour That Characterizes Psychological Dependence Closely