In the Walkill River example in Chapter 11,local citizens were effectively excluded from the process of making a decision that affected the local environment.This exclusion illustrates which of Gaventa's instruments of social power?

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The exclusion of local citizens from the decision-making process indicates a control of channels of participation, which is one of Gaventa's instruments of social power. Choice A refers to the power to bargain, reward and punish, which is not applicable in this scenario. Choice C refers to controlling how issues are framed and discussed, which is not relevant in this example. Choice D refers to referent power, which is the ability to influence others through personal characteristics, such as charisma, and is not relevant to the situation in the Walkill River example.

In the Walkill River Example in Chapter 11,local Citizens Were