Question 1

Which of the following students provides the best information related to the concept called common ground?

Accepted Answer

Ruth's statement accurately describes the concept of common ground by emphasizing the importance of clarifying misunderstandings in order to achieve it.

Question 2

Compared to writing,speaking is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Speaking often involves simpler syntax because it is more spontaneous and less formal than writing, which allows for more complex sentence structures.

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the best information about the term "embodied cognition"?

Accepted Answer

Elizaveta's statement accurately captures the essence of embodied cognition, which emphasizes the idea that our motor and sensory experiences shape our cognitive processes. This means that our thinking and knowledge are not solely rooted in the brain, but also involve the body's interaction with the environment.

Question 4

A professor looks out at her class and notices that Jackie is falling asleep.She says loudly,"Wouldn't you be more comfortable in your own bed,Jackie?" The professor is using a kind of directive known as

Accepted Answer

The professor's statement is an indirect request, as it suggests to Jackie that she should leave the class and go to bed instead of directly requesting her to do so. The other options do not accurately describe the professor's message.

Question 5

In discussing the social aspects of language,psycholinguistics researchers sometimes use a metaphor of two people dancing.Why is this metaphor appropriate?

Accepted Answer

The metaphor of two people dancing is appropriate because it highlights the importance of coordination between individuals in a social context, similar to how two individuals need to coordinate their movements and timing during a dance. Just as in a dance, effective communication and understanding of each other's actions is crucial for successful interaction in social situations. The metaphor does not necessarily imply one person leading or following, differing levels of expertise, or the goal of impressing the other person.

Question 6

Which of the following topics examines the pragmatic aspects of language?

Accepted Answer

The pragmatic aspects of language refer to the social and contextual use of language. Talking differently to a child than to an adult falls under this category, as it involves adjusting language use to fit the social situation. The other topics listed relate more to syntax and semantics.

Question 7

According to the research about the writing process,

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that writing involves the active engagement of all components of working memory, including the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive, to manage the complex cognitive tasks involved in writing.

Question 8

A sentence that asks someone to do something is called a

Accepted Answer

A directive is a sentence that gives a command or instruction to someone, such as "Please close the door" or "Don't touch that".

Question 9

Researchers have compared people's spoken language with their written language.When people speak,they are:

Accepted Answer

When people speak, they are more likely to refer to themselves as spoken language tends to be more personal and interactive compared to written language.

Question 10

Chapter 10 pointed out that people who are working on a writing assignment are operating on a "full-time cognitive overload." This phrase suggests that

Accepted Answer

The phrase "full-time cognitive overload" suggests that writers are using all components of working memory, as well as long-term memory, to complete a writing assignment. This includes decision making, transfer of ideas from working memory to long-term memory, and the ability to quickly write down and capture ideas before they are forgotten.

Question 11

Chapter 10 discussed Lakoff's concept of framing,in connection with language production.Which of the following options is the best example of a frame?

Accepted Answer

A frame is a mental structure that shapes the way we interpret and understand a concept or issue. In option A, the concept of "freedom" is being framed differently by two people, illustrating how frames can influence our views and opinions on a particular subject.

Question 12

Joan is eating lunch,and she says to Brad,"Can you pass the salt?" Brad replies "Yes,I can"; however,he doesn't actually pass the salt.What kind of miscommunication does this brief conversation suggest?

Accepted Answer

This conversation suggests a pragmatic problem, as Brad's response seems to be a literal answer to Joan's question, rather than an appropriate action in response to the request for salt.

Question 13

Compared to speaking,writing is more likely

Accepted Answer

Writing is often performed in isolation as it typically requires concentration and is usually done individually, unlike speaking which often involves interaction with others.

Question 14

Knowledge of the social rules of language is called

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to understanding the social rules of language, including using appropriate conversational conventions, understanding figurative language, and interpreting meaning based on context. Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of sentences, morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language, and semantics refers to the meaning conveyed by words and sentences.

Question 15

A third-grader calls out an answer in class,without raising his hand.The teacher says,"Is your arm broken,Johnny?" The teacher's remark can be called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The teacher's remark is an indirect request, as it implies that Johnny should raise his hand without directly stating it.

Question 16

Chapter 10 discussed a study by Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs in which two people try to communicate about the order in which various geometric figures are to be arranged.The research showed that

Accepted Answer

The research showed that people soon developed a shorthand communication system to accomplish the task.

Question 17

Chapter 10 discussed research in which two people need to work together to place some abstract shapes in a specified order.This research showed that:

Accepted Answer

The research showed that people quickly learned to create brief names for each abstract shape, demonstrating the ability to establish common ground through shared communication and understanding. The other options are not supported by the research findings.

Question 18

The concept of common ground was discussed in connection with the social context of speech.Common ground means that

Accepted Answer

Common ground refers to the shared knowledge, experiences, and beliefs between two speakers. It is important for effective communication because it allows for mutual understanding and a basis for interpretation. Choice A is unrelated to common ground, while Choice B is about the organization of speech. Choice C is not accurate as speakers do not necessarily have to reveal personal information to establish common ground.

Question 19

Suppose that a psychology professor begins a lecture by saying,"OK,do you all remember the concept of 'ecological validity'?" The students all nod their heads.During this interaction,the professor was primarily interested in

Accepted Answer

The professor's comment is aimed at establishing a common ground with the students, i.e., he is assuming that they all remember what ecological validity is. This helps to make the lecture more engaging and effective as the students are more likely to pay attention when they feel that they are on the same page as the professor.

Question 20

A 17-year-old camp counselor is trying to teach a new game to 5- and 6-year-olds.He begins by asking,"OK,do any of you know some games where you look for things that are hidden?" His strategy would be called

Accepted Answer

The counselor's strategy of asking if the children know any games where they look for hidden things is an attempt to establish common ground with the children and build on their existing knowledge and experiences. This can help to make the learning experience more relatable and engaging for the children.

Quiz 10: Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism