Ntozake conducted a study in which she observed bullying in a middle school physical education environment. She conducted the study over a three-week time period. This may not have been long enough to combat observer effects. This illustrates which of the following concerns with conclusions from Ntozake's study?
A) An instrumentation threat
B) An internal validity threat
C) A history threat
D) An external validity threat

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

An internal validity threat is a concern with the accuracy of causal conclusions drawn from a study. In this case, the limited time frame may have affected the accuracy of Ntozake's observations, as her presence as an observer may have influenced the behavior of the students who were bullying or who were the target of bullying. This is an example of observer effects, which can compromise the internal validity of a study.

Ntozake Conducted a Study in Which She Observed Bullying in a Middle