The Textbook Lists All of the Following as Problems with the Concept

The textbook lists all of the following as problems with the concept of hardiness

A) It could be that the three components of hardiness - control, commitment, and challenge - could be separate components rather than aspects of a single personality type.
B) It could be that hardiness is not a unique concept, but that it overlaps with other concepts such as dispositional optimism.
C) Hardiness could be a simple self-fulfilling prophecy. If an individual believes she or he will get sick less, then that may come to pass.
D) It looks like hardiness is related to lower levels of illness and distress, but we don't know why. It could be due to a bias in how people fill out self-report questionnaires.