Dension, Reed, and Xu (2013) reported that infants as young as 24 weeks had a basic understanding of probability and random samples, a striking finding in light of the:

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The frequency format hypothesis suggests that people have a greater understanding and ability to reason with probabilities when they are presented in a frequency format (e.g., "1 in 3" instead of "33%"). The study by Dension, Reed, and Xu (2013) supports this hypothesis by showing that even young infants (as young as 24 weeks) have a basic understanding of probability and random samples. This finding is striking because it suggests that humans may have an innate understanding of probabilities and likelihood, rather than this being a learned skill or a result of formal education.

Dension, Reed, and Xu (2013) Reported That Infants as Young