Tolman's views on learning differed from those of Skinner in that Tolman believed:

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Tolman believed that organisms develop means-ends expectancies, which are mental representations of the relationship between a behavior and its consequences. This is different from Skinner's view that a reinforcer directly strengthens the response that produces it. Tolman also believed that the environmental context can influence whether or not a behavior will occur, which is not explicitly stated in Skinner's theory. Reinforcement dependent upon the formation of stimulus-stimulus associations is not a belief held by Tolman.

Tolman's Views on Learning Differed from Those of Skinner in That