Holding to Ptolemy's theories that the Earth is the center of the universe despite contradictory observations made by Galileo upon the invention of the telescope illustrates:

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Dogmatism refers to the tendency to reject new evidence or ideas that contradict established beliefs, and holding onto Ptolemy's theories despite contrasting observations made by Galileo exemplifies dogmatism. Option A (hypothesis testing) and Option D (experimentation) involve actively seeking new evidence to test and support or refute a hypothesis, whereas Option C (empiricism) involves deriving knowledge from evidence obtained through experimentation or observation.

Holding to Ptolemy's Theories That the Earth Is the Center