In Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) classic study of the development of attachments in Scottish infants, _____ was taken as evidence that the child had formed a primary social attachment.

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In Schaffer and Emerson's study, the discriminated separation protest was taken as evidence that the child had formed a primary social attachment. This means that the child was able to distinguish between the primary caregiver and other people and would protest (e.g. cry, become upset) specifically when separated from the primary caregiver. This demonstrated a clear preference for the caregiver and indicated the development of an attachment bond.

In Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) Classic Study of the Development