Question 1

When confronted with an ambiguous situation,_____________ is relevant when trying to determine if the situation is really an emergency.

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance is the phenomenon where individuals in a group assume that others understand a situation better than they do, and thus hesitate to act in order to seek confirmation that an emergency is indeed occurring. This can result in a situation where no one takes action even when an emergency is occurring. Therefore, being aware of pluralistic ignorance is important when trying to determine if a situation is really an emergency. The other options (deindividuation, diffusion of responsibility, and bystander apathy) are also relevant in the context of the bystander effect, but not specifically in terms of determining if an ambiguous situation is an emergency.

Question 2

You have just listened to your professor lecture for an hour about material that you find thoroughly confusing.When the professor asks if anyone has any questions,you look around to other students in the class but no one else puts up their hand so you assume you are the only one that is confused.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals in a group assume that their confusion or lack of knowledge is unique to themselves and no one else in the group is experiencing the same thing. In this situation, the student assumes they are the only one confused because no one else seems to be raising their hand or indicating otherwise.

Question 3

Your professor has just delivered a lecture that has left everyone in the class thoroughly confused.When the professor asks "Are there any questions?",students look nervously at each other but no one responds.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of pluralistic ignorance, where individuals assume that others understand what is going on and therefore do not ask questions, despite their own confusion. This can result in a group failing to seek clarification or understanding, leading to a collective misunderstanding or incorrect information being spread. The bystander effect relates to individuals failing to help others in distress, diffusion of responsibility refers to the tendency for individuals to feel less responsibility in a group context, and groupthink refers to the tendency for group members to conform to the opinions and beliefs of the majority rather than voicing their own thoughts and ideas.

Question 4

In which variation on Milgram's classic study of obedience did they find compliance to 450 volts reached over 90 percent?

Accepted Answer

In this variation, the teacher directs a different subject to administer the shock, allowing them to distance themselves from the responsibility of administering painful shocks. This led to over 90 percent compliance to 450 volts.

Question 5

At a crowded park Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling.If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man,she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency of individuals to feel less personal responsibility to act when in the presence of others. Kayla may assume that someone else will help the old man because there are plenty of people around, and she may feel that it's not solely her responsibility to help.

Question 6

As the number of people present during an emergency ____________,the likelihood that any one individual will help ____________.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to provide help in emergency situations when other people are present. As the number of people present increases, individuals may assume someone else will take action and thus the likelihood of any one individual providing help decreases.

Question 7

According to research by Frans de Waal,the human species is best characterized by which of the following phrases?

Accepted Answer

Frans de Waal describes humans as the "bipolar ape" because we exhibit both aggressive and cooperative behaviors, similar to our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos.

Question 8

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience.How are these 100 people likely to respond?

Accepted Answer

Milgram's study has been replicated numerous times, and the results have consistently shown that the majority of participants obeyed the experimenter's orders and administered the highest shock level of 450 volts. It is unlikely that the majority of participants would immediately leave or refuse to obey, as they may feel pressure to comply with the experimenter's requests. Additionally, there is no evidence to suggest that there would be a gender difference in obedience rates, and it is unlikely that the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.

Question 9

Interpreting a situation as an emergency is to ________________ as offering assistance in an emergency is to _______________.

Accepted Answer

Interpreting a situation as an emergency relates to pluralistic ignorance, where people assume nothing is wrong because others are not reacting. Offering assistance relates to diffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less compelled to act because they believe others will.

Question 10

In a meta-analysis of studies on the bystander effect,researchers have reported that people are more likely to help when alone than in groups about _____ of the time.

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis of studies on the bystander effect found that people are more likely to help when alone than in groups about 90% of the time. This means that individuals are more likely to take action and help someone in need when there are no others present to diffuse responsibility.

Question 11

Faroud is walking across campus and sees a man who is slumped over on the ground beside one of the buildings.He looks around and notices that no one else is responding,so he assumes that he must be the only one who thinks that the man may need help and that he is wrong.Faroud continues on his way and does not stop to help the man.Faroud's behaviour can be explained by _______________.

Accepted Answer

Faroud's behaviour can be explained by pluralistic ignorance, which occurs when individuals assume that if nobody else is responding to an emergency, then it must not be an emergency. This leads to a lack of response, even when someone is in need of help.

Question 12

A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research.He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles.Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

This title would be the most appropriate because it accurately reflects the central message of Milgram's research, which was that people can be compelled to act in obedience to authority, even if it means causing harm to others. The phrase "perceived authority" is particularly important, as Milgram's studies demonstrated that individuals were more likely to obey instructions from individuals who were perceived to be legitimate authority figures.

Question 13

One variation of the Milgram paradigm was the touch proximity condition,where teachers were required to hold the learner's hand down on the shock plate.What percentage of participants in this condition shocked the learner to a voltage of 450 volts?

Accepted Answer

In the touch proximity condition of Milgram's experiment, about 30 percent of participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts. This condition involved increased physical proximity, which generally led to lower obedience rates compared to conditions with less proximity.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

There is evidence to suggest that human nature is not simply "good" or "bad," but rather a complex mixture of both positive and negative tendencies. People are capable of exhibiting both prosocial (helpful) and antisocial (harmful) behavior, and these tendencies can be influenced by a variety of social, cultural, and environmental factors. Additionally, individuals may show different levels of these tendencies at different times or in different contexts. Therefore, option C is the most accurate statement.

Question 15

In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which of the following situations is...

Question 16

According to research by Frans de Waal,_______________ are models for prosocial behaviour and _______________ are models for antisocial behaviour in humans.

Accepted Answer

Frans de Waal's research suggests that bonobos are models for prosocial behavior, such as peaceful conflict resolution and empathy, while chimpanzees are models for aggressive and competitive behavior.

Question 17

_________________ refers to an error of assuming that no one else in a group perceives things as we do.

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance is the term used to describe the error of assuming that others do not share our beliefs or perceptions. This can lead individuals to conform to a perceived norm that may not actually exist, which can have negative consequences. Social loafing refers to a reduction in effort that occurs when individuals work in a group, while deindividuation refers to a loss of individual identity and self-awareness that can occur in group situations. Diffusion of responsibility refers to the tendency for individuals to feel less accountable for their actions when others are present in a group.

Question 18

High levels of which of the following personality traits has been associated with increased compliance in Milgram's paradigm?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that high levels of authoritarianism, or the belief in obedience to authority, is associated with increased compliance in Milgram's paradigm.

Question 19

Sharlene is walking home from school and witnesses a car accident.She stops to watch what is happening,and although both drivers are unharmed,one driver is extremely angry and starts punching the driver that hit him.Sharlene noticed that she is not the only one to stop and take note of the situation.There are a number of other people standing on the street watching,and many cars have driven by.She assumes that someone has phoned the police and does not even think of using her cell phone to call 911.Sharlene's behaviour can be explained by ___________________.

Accepted Answer

Sharlene's behavior can be explained by diffusion of responsibility, where individuals in a group are less likely to take action because they assume someone else will.

Question 20

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

Accepted Answer

Milgram's classic research found that people are willing to obey an authority figure and inflict harm upon others, even if it goes against their own moral compass. This obedience to authority can lead to destructive behavior and has important implications for understanding atrocities committed during the Holocaust and other historical events.

Quiz 13: D: Social Psychology