Some economists argue that corporate income taxes are typically not paid by firms, but by

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Many economists argue that corporate income taxes are ultimately borne by the stakeholders of a firm, including stockholders, employees, and consumers. This is because if a firm has to pay higher taxes, it may reduce the returns to stockholders, lower wages or benefits for employees, or increase the prices of its products, all of which affect the stakeholders directly. While the government collects the tax revenue, it is ultimately the stakeholders who bear the burden of the tax. Bond holders, on the other hand, are generally protected from the tax burden, as they receive their fixed interest payments regardless of the firm's profits. The board of directors does not typically pay corporate income taxes, as they are responsible for overseeing the operations of the firm, rather than its tax liabilities.

Some Economists Argue That Corporate Income Taxes Are Typically Not