A central concept in the study of social change is:

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Modernization is a crucial concept when studying social change. It refers to the process of societal evolution through which societies are transformed from traditional, agrarian-based economies to industrialized, urban-based ones. Modernization encompasses various aspects such as technological advancements, urbanization, and changes in social norms and values.

Other options are relevant to social change but are not central concepts. Mechanical solidarity refers to societies where members are united by shared values and norms, while gemeinschaft encompasses a social structure that is based on traditional relationships, rather than formal ones. Diffusion refers to the spread of ideas, practices, and technologies among different cultures or regions.

A Central Concept in the Study of Social Change Is