Pope Gregory VII was strongly opposed to

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Pope Gregory VII was strongly opposed to lay investiture, which was the practice of secular rulers appointing bishops and other church officials. He believed that the church should have the authority to appoint its own leaders, and the conflict over this issue led to a power struggle between the papacy and secular rulers. While Gregory VII also believed in clerical celibacy and the use of excommunication, these were not the primary issues that sparked his conflict with secular rulers. The formation of new female convents was not a major issue in Gregory VII's papacy.

Pope Gregory VII Was Strongly Opposed to