Question 1

Bolus may be used when treating which of the following cancers?

Accepted Answer

The vulva and perineum usually develop significant moist desquamation as a result of the smaller thickness of tissue in the region relative to the pelvic separation, the tangential delivery of the external beam, and the need for use of bolus.

Question 2

The prescription point A can be measured from the cervical os ______________.

Accepted Answer

Central doses are traditionally prescribed to the point A prescription point, usually defined as 2 cm superior to the cervical os and 2 cm lateral to the endocervical canal.

Question 3

Which of the following cancers is treated with the patient in the "frog leg" position?

Accepted Answer

The patient with vulvar cancer is usually simulated in the "frog leg" position, with wires over surgical scars and palpable nodes so that they may be included within the field.

Question 4

Diarrhea is a side effect of pelvic irradiation.Patients experiencing this side effect should be advised to adhere to a _________diet.

Accepted Answer

Low-fiber diets, sucralfate, Lomotil, and loperamide are useful for alleviating diarrhea.

Question 5

Who has the most significant risk of developing ovarian cancer?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian carcinoma occurs primarily in women between the ages of 50 and 70.Furthermore, few or late pregnancies increase a woman's risk.

Question 6

Chlamydia infections are a risk factor for developing which female reproductive cancer?

Accepted Answer

Early sexual activity, multiple partners, and multiple pelvic infections (especially with genital warts and human papillomaviruses and herpes simplex type 2)have been associated with an increase in the risk of this disease and an earlier onset.

Question 7

Overall, cervical cancer occurs most frequently with those associated with which of the following factors?
I.Women of lower socioeconomic status
II.Early sexual activity and multiple partners
III.Multiple instances of pelvic infection

Accepted Answer

Patients that are of lower socioeconomic status often have less than average participation in screening programs.Also, those that have early instances of sexual activity often with multiple partners and higher instances of pelvic infections have been associated with an increase in cervical cancer risk.

Question 8

Which female reproductive organ is most likely to develop cancer?

Accepted Answer

An estimated 78,290 patients develop gynecological cancer in the United States each year.This type of malignancy is divided into endometrial (50%), ovarian (29%), cervical (14%), and other gynecological cancers (7%).

Question 9

Cervical cancer that has spread outside the cervix to the upper third of the vagina is which stage?

Accepted Answer

Stage II tumors invade the paravaginal tissue but not to the pelvic wall.

Question 10

Treating ovarian cancer with radiation blocks which of the following organs?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian fields typically include partial renal blocking to limit the dose to the kidneys to a total of 18 to 20 Gy.

Question 11

Ovarian cancer is most closely related to which other cancer(s)?
I.Breast
II.Colon
III.Cervical

Accepted Answer

Risk factors for ovarian cancer include an older age; late or few pregnancies; late menopause; a lack of oral contraceptive use; a family history of ovarian cancer; and a personal history of breast, colon, or endometrial cancer.

Question 12

Radiation therapy to the peritoneum for ovarian cancer would extend from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The entire peritoneal cavity must be covered with an open-field technique that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor.

Question 13

Which is true of a cervical cancer with a stage II classification?
I.The cancer invades beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic sidewalls.
II.The cancer extends to the lower third of the vagina.
III.Bladder or rectum involvement is possible.

Accepted Answer

It is important to realize that the greater the extent of the disease, the greater the denotation of the stage.Stage II disease does not extend to the sidewalls of the pelvis, and it does not extend to the lower third of the vagina.Bladder or rectum involvement denotes extensive stage IV disease.

Question 14

Which of the following cancers can be treated using whole abdomen irradiation?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian fields are also treated postoperatively after staging and optimal debulking by the gynecological oncologist.The entire peritoneal cavity must be covered with an open-field technique that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor.

Question 15

Intraperitoneal radiopharmaceuticals can be used to treat which of the following female reproductive organs?

Accepted Answer

Use of the radioisotope P-32 as a colloidal solution placed into the peritoneal cavity is an accepted alternative to single agent chemotherapy for treating high-risk stages I and II ovarian cancers.

Question 16

Pap testing is a screening tool used to detect which cancer?

Accepted Answer

Routine Papanicolaou (Pap)smears have played a crucial role in the early detection of cervical cancer.

Question 17

What is the common name for the female external genitalia?

Accepted Answer

The vulva is the outermost portion of the gynecological tract.The major parts include the labia majora and labia minora, the clitoris, and the area bound by these three called the vestibule.

Question 18

Cancer of which female reproductive organ is most deadly?

Accepted Answer

An estimated 27,140 deaths occur each year, with ovarian being the most prevalent (56%), followed by endometrial (27%), cervical (14%), and other gynecological cancers (3%).

Question 19

Primary peritoneal carcinomas are most closely associated with which cancer?

Accepted Answer

About 80% of ovarian cancer patients have abdominal cavity involvement at the time of presentation.Spread occurs through the lymphatic channel of the peritoneal lining and the diaphragm and lymph nodes as the peritoneal fluid circulates.

Question 20

Cancer of which organ can be genetically linked to breast cancer?

Accepted Answer