These Days, Many People Experience Disasters Secondhand Through the Media

These days, many people experience disasters secondhand through the media. For example, online and TV sources recently aired graphic coverage of severe earthquakes, which killed hundreds and made thousands homeless in Turkey. Studies show that watching coverage of disasters:

A) actually decreases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders (the "insulation effect") .
B) does not increase the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.
C) increases the likelihood of watchers thinking they will develop stress disorders, but does not increase the likelihood of them developing stress disorders.
D) increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.