David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight complained of hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. One of the conclusions from this study is that:

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The study suggests that the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception, leading clinicians to diagnose otherwise normal individuals with a mental disorder. This study highlights the importance of recognizing the potential impact of labeling and expectations on mental health diagnoses.

David Rosenhan (1973) Sent Eight Normal People to Various Psychiatric