Theories proposed by Levinson and Apter are called stage theories. Social gerontologists are critical of these theories which rely on an implicitly biological model of development because they ignore:

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Social gerontologists criticize stage theories for neglecting historical and environmental factors that can influence a person's development. These theories focus mainly on biological changes and do not take into account the social environments that people live in, their ethnic backgrounds, or the places where they reside.

Theories Proposed by Levinson and Apter Are Called Stage Theories