A star's surface temperature during the horizontal branch phase is determined primarily by its

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During the horizontal branch phase, a star's surface temperature is primarily determined by its chemical composition. The chemical composition affects how effectively energy can be transported from the star's core to its surface, which in turn affects the temperature. Luminosity, magnetic field strength, and rotation rate may also play a role, but they are not the primary determinants of surface temperature during this phase.

A Star's Surface Temperature During the Horizontal Branch Phase Is