Retailer-sponsored groups formed by independent retailers that run their own buying organizations and conduct joint promotion efforts are called:

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Cooperative chains are retailer-sponsored groups formed by independent retailers that run their own buying organizations and conduct joint promotion efforts. Corporate chains refer to several stores under common ownership and centralized management. Voluntary chains are similar to cooperative chains but are owned by the suppliers who provide products to the retailers. Franchise operations involve the rights to operate a business using a successful brand name and proven formula, while private chains refer to retailers that own and operate several stores under a single brand name.

Retailer-Sponsored Groups Formed by Independent Retailers That Run Their Own