In his participant observation of gangs in a Chicago housing project,Sudhir Venkatesh found that gangs served as:

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Sudhir Venkatesh discovered that gangs in the Chicago housing project he studied had established a complicated organizational structure that included a form of governance, law enforcement, and social welfare. The gangs acted as quasi-governments in the absence of effective state institutions, providing services, and imposing order within their communities.

In His Participant Observation of Gangs in a Chicago Housing