Pore-forming toxins solve the problem of a need to provide hydrogen-bonding partners for the polypeptide background N−H and C=O groups in the bilayer that lacks hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors by utilizing extensive:

Question

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The polypeptide background in the bilayer lacks hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, which pore-forming toxins solve through the extensive formation of α-helices and β-sheets. They create a transmembrane barrel structure that provides hydrogen-bonding partners for the N−H and C=O groups of the polypeptide backbone, allowing them to span the bilayer.

Pore-Forming Toxins Solve the Problem of a Need to Provide