Minisculea,a small nation that exists on a Pacific Ocean island,is a major producer and seller of a substance known as XYZ.Minisculea is also the leader of a cartel of other XYZ producers.The cartel has raised XYZ prices,a fact of significant concern to the United States,given the many strategic uses to which XYZ can be put.U.S.officials have engaged in ongoing discussions with Minisculea about this subject.If Minisculea and the other cartel members are sued in a U.S.court for allegedly violating the U.S.antitrust acts by fixing the price at which they sold XYZ to U.S.customers,their best defense would be:

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Since Minisculea is a foreign nation,its act of raising prices of XYZ as the leader of XYZ producer's cartel can be construed as a foreign government's sovereign act.The ongoing discussions of U.S.officials with Minisculea might indicate that this is a politically sensitive dispute.As such,the best defense of Minisculea and other cartel members would be the act of state doctrine if they are sued in a U.S.court for violation of the U.S.antitrust acts.

Minisculea,a Small Nation That Exists on a Pacific Ocean Island,is