In multivariate study, researchers are attempting to understand the joint contributions of age and gender to the outcome of scores on a measure of depression. Because age does not predict gender nor does gender predict age, both variables have the status of being:

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Moderators are variables that affect the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In this scenario, both age and gender are considered moderators because they are being studied for their joint contributions to depression scores, without implying a causal relationship between age and gender themselves.

In Multivariate Study, Researchers Are Attempting to Understand the Joint