What sociological concept stands in opposition to Jurgen Habermas's ideal of the public sphere?

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The counterpublic concept stands in opposition to Habermas's ideal of the public sphere. According to Habermas, the public sphere should be a universal and inclusive space where all individuals can come together and engage in rational-critical debate to form public opinion. In contrast, counterpublics are groups that form around a shared interest or identity and provide an alternative space for marginalized voices to express themselves, often in opposition to dominant public opinion. Therefore, the counterpublic concept challenges the idea of a singular, ideal public sphere.

What Sociological Concept Stands in Opposition to Jurgen Habermas's Ideal