Predation always has a negative effect on the individual prey.

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Predation often leads to death or injury of the prey, which is a negative outcome for the individual. This is why predation is often considered a type of biotic environmental pressure that can affect population dynamics and evolutionary processes. However, it's worth noting that predation can also have positive effects on populations (e.g., by removing weak or diseased individuals, increasing genetic diversity or promoting adaptation).

Predation Always Has a Negative Effect on the Individual Prey