Extrinsic ecological factors such as the physical environment and the presence of predators or competitors influence age specific rates of mortality and survivorship.

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Extrinsic ecological factors such as physical environment (e.g. weather, food availability) and biotic factors (e.g. predators, competitors) can affect the mortality and survivorship rates of organisms at different ages. For example, harsh environmental conditions may increase mortality rates in younger and older individuals, while the presence of predators or competitors may increase mortality rates in individuals of all ages.

Extrinsic Ecological Factors Such as the Physical Environment and the Presence