Stimulation of the Nucleic Acid Sensing TLRs That Reside in Endosomal

Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of:

A) The antiviral cytokine, type I interferon
B) TNF- $\alpha$ , which induces increased vascular permeability
C) Antimicrobial peptides by macrophages
D) Chemokines that recruit neutrophils
E) The inflammatory complement fragments, C3a and C5a