Which of the following were used in southern states during the Jim Crow era to deny African Americans their voting rights?

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All the options were used in the southern states during the Jim Crow era to deny African Americans their voting rights. White primaries were a way to restrict voting to only white people, while literacy tests were often designed to be impossible for African Americans to pass. Poll taxes were implemented as a way to require citizens to pay a fee in order to vote, which disproportionately affected African Americans who were often poorer. Grandfather clauses allowed individuals to vote only if their grandfathers had the right to vote before the Civil War, which excluded African Americans whose ancestors were enslaved during that time.

Which of the Following Were Used in Southern States During