In the early days of psychological research,researchers tried to ensure that experimental and control groups were identical to one another by using:

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In the early days of psychological research, researchers tried to ensure that experimental and control groups were identical to one another by using matching. This involved carefully selecting participants for each group to ensure that they were similar on important characteristics such as age, sex, and previous experience. However, this method was time-consuming, and researchers soon turned to randomized experimental designs, which allowed them to achieve similar groups without the need for matching. Manipulation involves the deliberate changing of an independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable, while counterbalancing is a technique used to control for order effects in repeated-measures designs.

In the Early Days of Psychological Research,researchers Tried to Ensure