As a carpenter, Millie Mandel, a woman, is a member of a group defined by a protected trait (sex) that has been traditionally underrepresented in her union's apprenticeship program. However, Millie has not been a victim of sex discrimination by the union. Therefore, Millie is excluded from enjoying the benefits of any affirmative action plan designed to redress the historical under representation of women in the union's carpenter apprenticeship program.

Question

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Affirmative action plans are not solely designed for victims of discrimination. They are also designed to proactively address historical under representation of certain groups in certain fields. Millie, as a woman in a male-dominated field, could still benefit from an affirmative action plan even if she has not personally been a victim of sex discrimination by the union.

As a Carpenter, Millie Mandel, a Woman, Is a Member