A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing behaviors. Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participant observe the dissonance-reducing behavior. The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was. These results suggest that Japanese observers

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The observation that Japanese observers indicated higher enjoyment of a boring task after watching their fellow group member engage in dissonance-reducing behavior suggests that they experience dissonance on behalf of their group members. This is consistent with the collectivistic cultural norms in Japan that prioritize group harmony and social cohesion over individualistic self-expression.

A Japanese Psychologist by the Name of Sakai Observed Participants