In a series of experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995)had both African-American and Anglo- American students at Stanford University take a verbal test.In one condition,the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence,and in the other condition,the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence.In the former condition,African Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo Americans because

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The concept of stereotype threat refers to the phenomenon in which individuals feel anxiety and apprehension about possibly confirming a negative stereotype about their racial or ethnic group. In this case, the African-American students may have experienced stereotype threat due to the belief that they may perform poorly on the test because of negative stereotypes about their intellectual abilities. This anxiety and apprehension may have negatively impacted their performance on the test.

In a Series of Experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995)had