In a Sentence-Verification Task, a Participant Sees Sentences Such as "A

In a sentence-verification task, a participant sees sentences such as "A penguin is a bird," or "A dog is an animal." Generally, these sentences are of the form "An X is a Y." The speed of a participant's response to these sentences will be slower if:

A) several associative links must be traversed to trace a path between the node for X and the node for Y
B) the participants have recently seen the items named (e.g., penguin or dog)
C) the object named by X is a typical member of the category named by Y
D) there is a direct connection between the node for X and the node for Y