Two Crucial Factors in the Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype

Two crucial factors in the relationship between genotype and phenotype are interactions among genes and interactions between genotype and environmental influences. Which of the following does your textbook NOT list as important in considering the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

A) DNA can be damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins.
B) Errors in the genetic code can disrupt production of the correct proteins and lead to birth defects or genetic disorders.
C) Genes can mutate, or change spontaneously, from one generation to the next.
D) Epigenetic changes determine how an individual's genetic blueprint directs and controls all aspects of development as it unfolds over the lifespan.