Agneta Fischer and her colleagues (2004) analyzed cross-cultural gender data from 37 countries around the world. Based on her findings, Fischer contends that the male role encourages the expression of powerful emotions, including anger, hostility, and contempt. In contrast, the female role encourages the expression of powerless emotions, such as fear, sadness, and guilt.

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Fischer's findings suggest that there are cultural differences in how men and women are socialized to express emotions, with men encouraged to express powerful emotions and women encouraged to express powerless emotions.

Agneta Fischer and Her Colleagues (2004) Analyzed Cross-Cultural Gender Data