In one study, orangutans imitated the behavior of both humans and other orangutans, but they were more likely to imitate high-status or dominant models than low-status models. The orangutans were also more likely to imitate models with whom they had close relationships, such as biological parents, siblings, or their human caregivers. They virtually never imitated human strangers. This study illustrates that positive punishment factors seem to play a role in observational learning in primates, just as they do in humans.

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The study illustrates that social factors, such as the status of the model and the relationship with the model, play a role in observational learning in primates, not positive punishment factors.

In One Study, Orangutans Imitated the Behavior of Both Humans