Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:
A) reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.
B) learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement.
C) rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns.
D) continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. He believed that rats formed cognitive maps or mental representations of the maze that allowed them to navigate even in the absence of immediate reinforcement.