All of the following are part of Gottfredson & Hirschi's perception and definition of crime EXCEPT:

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Gottfredson & Hirschi's perception and definition of crime does not include genetic determinism as a factor. They argue that crime is primarily a product of self-interest and a lack of self-control. Additionally, they argue that inadequate parenting and other environmental factors can contribute to criminal behavior. The inclusion of genetics as a factor in criminal behavior is a contentious issue in criminology, and many scholars disagree with a genetic determinist perspective.

All of the Following Are Part of Gottfredson & Hirschi's