Which Is NOT a Factor in the Rise of Modern

Which is NOT a factor in the rise of modern racism?

A) Europeans constructed a belief system that allowed them to justify the slave trade by convincing themselves that Africans belonged to an inferior,even subhuman,race.
B) Racism helped justify colonial rule over nonwhite peoples and denied them the rights of political participation that whites were winning in the European homelands of the colonizers.
C) An opposition between the colors white and black as cultural symbols was deeply rooted in European culture.
D) The concept of race had existed in Europe since the early Middle Ages.