Richard Lenski and his colleagues' long-term evolution experiments in E. coli provide unprecedented insight into natural selection. In the experiment, 12 parallel E. coli lineages were created and maintained, cells from each line were periodically frozen, and the team followed the lineages for more than 60,000 generations. By using multiple independent lineages started from the same colony, these experiments help determine how predictable evolution is. How can you assess predictability from these experiments, and what did they find about predictability in evolution?

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The Answer of Richard Lenski and his colleagues' long-term evolution experiments in E. coli provide unprecedented insight into natural selection. In the experiment, 12 parallel E. coli lineages were created and maintained, cells from each line were periodically frozen, and the team followed the lineages for more than 60,000 generations. By using multiple independent lineages started from the same colony, these experiments help determine how predictable evolution is. How can you assess predictability from these experiments, and what did they find about predictability in evolution?

Richard Lenski and His Colleagues' Long-Term Evolution Experiments in E